创建型模式
创建型模式主要关注对象的创建过程,常见的模式包括:
1. 单例模式 (Singleton)
确保一个类只有一个实例,并提供全局访问点。
应用场景:
示例代码:
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;
private Singleton() {}
public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new Singleton();
}
return instance;
}
}
2. 工厂方法模式 (Factory Method)
定义一个用于创建对象的接口,让子类决定实例化哪一个类。
应用场景:
示例代码:
abstract class Product {
public abstract void use();
}
class ConcreteProductA extends Product {
public void use() {
System.out.println("Using Product A");
}
}
abstract class Creator {
public abstract Product factoryMethod();
}
class ConcreteCreatorA extends Creator {
public Product factoryMethod() {
return new ConcreteProductA();
}
}
3. 抽象工厂模式 (Abstract Factory)
提供一个接口,用于创建相关或依赖对象的家族,而无需指定具体类。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface GUIFactory {
Button createButton();
Checkbox createCheckbox();
}
class WinFactory implements GUIFactory {
public Button createButton() {
return new WinButton();
}
public Checkbox createCheckbox() {
return new WinCheckbox();
}
}
4. 建造者模式 (Builder)
将一个复杂对象的构建与表示分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class Product {
private String partA;
private String partB;
public void setPartA(String partA) { this.partA = partA; }
public void setPartB(String partB) { this.partB = partB; }
}
class Builder {
private Product product = new Product();
public void buildPartA() { product.setPartA("Part A"); }
public void buildPartB() { product.setPartB("Part B"); }
public Product getResult() { return product; }
}
5. 原型模式 (Prototype)
通过复制现有的实例来创建新的实例。
应用场景:
示例代码:
abstract class Prototype {
public abstract Prototype clone();
}
class ConcretePrototype extends Prototype {
public Prototype clone() {
return new ConcretePrototype();
}
}
结构型模式
结构型模式关注类或对象的组合,常见的模式包括:
1. 适配器模式 (Adapter)
将一个类的接口转换成客户希望的另一个接口。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class Adaptee {
public void specificRequest() {
System.out.println("Specific request");
}
}
class Adapter extends Adaptee {
public void request() {
specificRequest();
}
}
2. 装饰器模式 (Decorator)
动态地给一个对象添加一些额外的职责。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Coffee {
String getDescription();
double cost();
}
class SimpleCoffee implements Coffee {
public String getDescription() { return "Simple coffee"; }
public double cost() { return 5; }
}
class MilkDecorator implements Coffee {
private Coffee coffee;
public MilkDecorator(Coffee coffee) { this.coffee = coffee; }
public String getDescription() { return coffee.getDescription() + ", milk"; }
public double cost() { return coffee.cost() + 1; }
}
3. 代理模式 (Proxy)
为其他对象提供一种代理以控制对这个对象的访问。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Subject {
void request();
}
class RealSubject implements Subject {
public void request() {
System.out.println("Real subject request");
}
}
class Proxy implements Subject {
private RealSubject realSubject;
public void request() {
if (realSubject == null) {
realSubject = new RealSubject();
}
realSubject.request();
}
}
4. 外观模式 (Facade)
为复杂子系统提供一个统一的接口。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class SubsystemA {
public void operationA() { System.out.println("Operation A"); }
}
class SubsystemB {
public void operationB() { System.out.println("Operation B"); }
}
class Facade {
private SubsystemA a = new SubsystemA();
private SubsystemB b = new SubsystemB();
public void operation() {
a.operationA();
b.operationB();
}
}
5. 桥接模式 (Bridge)
将抽象部分与实现部分分离,使它们可以独立变化。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Implementor {
void operation();
}
class ConcreteImplementorA implements Implementor {
public void operation() { System.out.println("Implementation A"); }
}
abstract class Abstraction {
protected Implementor implementor;
public Abstraction(Implementor implementor) { this.implementor = implementor; }
public abstract void operation();
}
class RefinedAbstraction extends Abstraction {
public RefinedAbstraction(Implementor implementor) { super(implementor); }
public void operation() { implementor.operation(); }
}
6. 组合模式 (Composite)
将对象组合成树形结构以表示部分-整体的层次。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Component {
void operation();
}
class Leaf implements Component {
public void operation() { System.out.println("Leaf operation"); }
}
class Composite implements Component {
private List<Component> children = new ArrayList<>();
public void add(Component component) { children.add(component); }
public void operation() {
for (Component child : children) {
child.operation();
}
}
}
7. 享元模式 (Flyweight)
运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class Flyweight {
private String intrinsicState;
public Flyweight(String intrinsicState) {
this.intrinsicState = intrinsicState;
}
public void operation(String extrinsicState) {
System.out.println("Intrinsic: " + intrinsicState + ", Extrinsic: " + extrinsicState);
}
}
class FlyweightFactory {
private Map<String, Flyweight> flyweights = new HashMap<>();
public Flyweight getFlyweight(String key) {
if (!flyweights.containsKey(key)) {
flyweights.put(key, new Flyweight(key));
}
return flyweights.get(key);
}
}
行为型模式
行为型模式关注对象之间的交互,常见的模式包括:
1. 观察者模式 (Observer)
定义对象之间的一对多依赖关系,当一个对象改变状态时,所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Observer {
void update(String message);
}
class ConcreteObserver implements Observer {
public void update(String message) {
System.out.println("Received message: " + message);
}
}
class Subject {
private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<>();
public void attach(Observer observer) { observers.add(observer); }
public void notifyObservers(String message) {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update(message);
}
}
}
2. 策略模式 (Strategy)
定义一系列算法, 将每一个算法封装起来, 并使它们可以互换。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Strategy {
void execute();
}
class ConcreteStrategyA implements Strategy {
public void execute() { System.out.println("Strategy A"); }
}
class Context {
private Strategy strategy;
public Context(Strategy strategy) { this.strategy = strategy; }
public void executeStrategy() { strategy.execute(); }
}
3. 命令模式 (Command)
将请求封装为对象,从而使您可以使用不同的请求、队列或日志请求,以及支持可撤销操作。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Command {
void execute();
}
class ConcreteCommand implements Command {
private Receiver receiver;
public ConcreteCommand(Receiver receiver) { this.receiver = receiver; }
public void execute() { receiver.action(); }
}
class Receiver {
public void action() { System.out.println("Receiver action"); }
}
class Invoker {
private Command command;
public void setCommand(Command command) { this.command = command; }
public void executeCommand() { command.execute(); }
}
4. 状态模式 (State)
允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface State {
void handle();
}
class ConcreteStateA implements State {
public void handle() { System.out.println("Handling State A"); }
}
class Context {
private State state;
public void setState(State state) { this.state = state; }
public void request() { state.handle(); }
}
5. 责任链模式 (Chain of Responsibility)
使多个对象都有机会处理请求,从而避免请求发送者与接收者之间的耦合。
应用场景:
示例代码:
abstract class Handler {
protected Handler next;
public void setNext(Handler next) { this.next = next; }
public abstract void handleRequest(int request);
}
class ConcreteHandlerA extends Handler {
public void handleRequest(int request) {
if (request < 10) {
System.out.println("Handler A handling request " + request);
} else if (next != null) {
next.handleRequest(request);
}
}
}
class ConcreteHandlerB extends Handler {
public void handleRequest(int request) {
if (request >= 10) {
System.out.println("Handler B handling request " + request);
}
}
}
6. 备忘录模式 (Memento)
在不违反封装性的前提下,捕获一个对象的内部状态,并在该对象之外保存这个状态。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class Memento {
private String state;
public Memento(String state) { this.state = state; }
public String getState() { return state; }
}
class Originator {
private String state;
public void setState(String state) { this.state = state; }
public Memento saveStateToMemento() { return new Memento(state); }
public void getStateFromMemento(Memento memento) { state = memento.getState(); }
}
7. 访问者模式 (Visitor)
表示一个作用于某对象结构中的各元素的操作。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Visitor {
void visit(Element element);
}
class ConcreteVisitor implements Visitor {
public void visit(Element element) {
System.out.println("Visiting " + element.getName());
}
}
abstract class Element {
public abstract String getName();
public abstract void accept(Visitor visitor);
}
class ConcreteElementA extends Element {
public String getName() { return "Element A"; }
public void accept(Visitor visitor) { visitor.visit(this); }
}
8. 中介者模式 (Mediator)
定义一个中介对象来封装一系列的对象交互。
应用场景:
示例代码:
class Mediator {
private ColleagueA colleagueA;
private ColleagueB colleagueB;
public void setColleagueA(ColleagueA colleagueA) { this.colleagueA = colleagueA; }
public void setColleagueB(ColleagueB colleagueB) { this.colleagueB = colleagueB; }
public void colleagueChanged() {
// 处理交互逻辑
}
}
class ColleagueA {
private Mediator mediator;
public ColleagueA(Mediator mediator) { this.mediator = mediator; }
}
class ColleagueB {
private Mediator mediator;
public ColleagueB(Mediator mediator) { this.mediator = mediator; }
}
9. 解释器模式 (Interpreter)
给定一个语言, 定义它的文法表示, 并定义一个解释器来处理该语言。
应用场景:
示例代码:
interface Expression {
boolean interpret(String context);
}
class TerminalExpression implements Expression {
private String data;
public TerminalExpression(String data) { this.data = data; }
public boolean interpret(String context) { return context.contains(data); }
}
class OrExpression implements Expression {
private Expression expr1;
private Expression expr2;
public OrExpression(Expression expr1, Expression expr2) {
this.expr1 = expr1;
this.expr2 = expr2;
}
public boolean interpret(String context) {
return expr1.interpret(context) || expr2.interpret(context);
}
}
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